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Indicative Mood

The Indicative  Mood

Indicates the verbal idea as actual.

The Declarative Indicative

This use of the indicative makes a simple statement of fact.

The Interrogative Indicative

The indicative mood is used to ask a simple question. Reality is implied in a fact asked about in the indicative mood.

The Cohortative Indicative

The indicative may be used to express a command or a strong suggestion. This is especially true of the future indicative.

The Potential Indicative

The indicative is sometimes accompanied by the idea of contingency. This idea is given by the use of ἄν, the meaning of the verb, or by context. ἄν may or may not be used.

The indicative may be used to express a necessity and from the necessity an obligation. Usually with ἔδει.

Wish (unfulfilled- ὀφείλον – would that) or impulse.

Used in Certain Forms of Conditions

Positive and Negative

οὐ – expects an affirmative reply

μή – expects a negative answer

Indicative Mood = Reality

Imperfect

Active

ἔλυ (ον)                      ἐλύ (ομεν)

ἔλυ (ες)                       ἐλύ (ετε)

ἔλυ (ς)                         ἔλυ (ον)

Middle / Passive

ἐλυ (ὀμην)                ἐλυ (ὀμεθα)

ἐλύ (ου)                      ἐλύ (εσθε)

ἐλύ (ετο)                    ἐλυ (όντο)

Present

Active

λύ(ω)                          λύ (ομεν)

λύ (εις                        λύ (ετε)

λύ (ει)                         λύ (ουσι)

Middle / Passive

λύ (ομαι)                   λυ (όμεθα)

λύ (ῃ)                          λύ (εσθε)

λύ (εται)                    λύ (ονται)

Future

Active

λύ (σω)                      λύ (σομεν)

λύ (σεις)                    λύ (σετε)

λύ (σει)                      λύ (σουσι)

Middle

λύ (σομαι)                λύ (σομεθα)

λύ (σῃ)                       λύ (σεθε)

λυ (σεται)                 λύ (σονται)

Passive

λυ (θήσομαι)           λυ (θησόμεθα)

λυ (θήσῃ)                  λυ (θήσεσθε)

λυ (θήεται)               λυ (θήσονται)

1st Aorist

Active

ἔλυ (σα)                      ἔλυ (σαμεν)

Indicative Mood2023-12-11T12:17:48-08:00

Pluperfect Tense

The Pluperfect Tense

The Kind of Action of the Pluperfect Tense:

Linear and Punctiliar. The past tense of completed action with abiding results.

In this use, verbs that denote a present state in the perfect denote a past state in the pluperfect. These verbs are linear in force, functioning practically like imperfects when put into the past. The reality of the fact is stressed, which present it more strongly than could be done with the aorist. It must be translated into English by the simple past.

The Extensive Pluperfect

This use denotes a state following completed act in past time. Sometimes it is made clear by the context that a considerable space of time has intervened. It is used to take the reader behind the scenes. John uses it most frequently.

The Iterative Pluperfect

This use represents a past action as a series of events. It is very rare in the New Testament. Some have referred to it as the “Pluperfect of Broken Continuity”.

The Pluperfect of Conditional Sentence

This use denotes the continuance of the contingent result in a second-class condition to the time of speaking. The Pluperfect is used where the second-class conditions are determined to be unfulfilled in relationship to the past.

The Periphrastic Pluperfect

This use, which is formed by adding the perfect participle to an imperfect of εἰμί, occurs somewhat frequently in the New Testament. A majority of the occurrences are “intensive,” the rest are “extensive.”

© 2017 Luther Walker | All Rights Reserved | ISBN-10: 0-9993211-0-2, ISBN-13: 978-0-9993211-0-2 | This book or any potion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review or […]

Pluperfect Tense2023-12-11T12:21:43-08:00

Perfect Tense

The Perfect Tense

The Kind of Action of the Perfect Tense:

Durative and Punctiliar. Completed action with abiding results.

The Dramatic Perfect

An action completed in the past is conceived in terms of the present time for the sake of vividness. This was a use suited for the orator or the dramatist, and was often used in rhetorical questions. John uses it more than any other New Testament writer. It would be similar to ours, “The first thing you know he has done it.” (It is sometimes referred to as the “Present Perfect.”).

The Intensive Perfect 

This use is a strong way of saying that a thing is, denoting an action rather than a state resulting from an action, having the force of an emphatic present. Stress is placed on the existing fact. This is done more forcibly than either the Greek or English present could ever do. This use is primarily used with verbs of senses.

The Extensive Perfect

This use denotes a completed act that has abiding results. It emphasizes that the action took place and still has abiding results. The finished process with its results is expressed, not the existing state. (CF. The Intensive Perfect). This is the most frequent use of the perfect.

The Gnomic Perfect 

This use denotes an action that was generally true. It is rare in the New Testament.

The Iterative Perfect 

This use denotes repeated action. Completed action is stressed, but something in the context or in the meaning of the word (or both) indicate(s) that the idea of the action was iterative. It is relatively rare in the New Testament.

The Periphrastic Perfect

This use emphasizes an existing state. It is made up of the perfect […]

Perfect Tense2023-12-11T12:21:28-08:00
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