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Adjectives

Adjectives

Adjectives refer to nouns in two ways: either as an attribute or as a predicate.

Attributive

The attributive use of the adjective qualifies the noun, to describe, without any assertion about it. The attributive is an adherent description.

The Position: ὀ πίστος δοῦλος or ὀ δοῦλος ὀ πίστος

Note: the adjective comes immediately after the article.

Predicate

The predicate use of the adjective makes an assertion about the noun. The predicate is an additional statement.

The Position: ὀ δοῦλος πίστος or πίστος ὀ δοῦλος

Note: The adjective does not come immediately after the article but either precedes the article or follows the noun.

The Adjective used as a noun

ὁ ἀγαθός “the good man”.

The Adjective used as an adverb

The adjective is in direct relation to the verbal idea. Determined by whether the adjective is more closely associated with the verb or the noun. Comparison can be seen in John 10:40 and Mark 4:28. In John 10:40 the adjective is more intimately associated with the verb “to be” rendering a reading of “The place where John first baptized.” Where in Mark 4:28 the adjective is modifying the noun.

The Adjective used in Comparison

In this usage, the verb and its object are derived from the same root. It is used sometimes for emphasis. Basically, it repeats and explains more fully the idea expressed by the verb.

The Comparative Degree

Expressed by the positive adjective with a prepositional phrase, followed by ἤ, or followed by μᾶλλον.

Expressed by the comparative adjective followed by ἤ or followed by the ablative.

The Superlative Degree

The majority of the superlatives are used for emphasis in the New Testament, in the sense of very or exceedingly. […]

Adjectives2023-12-11T12:12:03-08:00

Accusative Case

The Accusative Case

The case of limitation or extension.

The Accusative of Direct Object

The most common use of the Accusative is as the object of a transitive verb (a verb whose action passes over to the noun). This use is also described as the Accusative with Transitive Verbs.

The Adverbial Accusative

In this use, the Accusative limits in an indirect way. It functions as an adverbial modifier. It modifies a verb rather than serving as a direct object. It is sometimes referred to as “the Accusative of General Reference.” This is not very common in the N.T. except in the case of the pure adverb.

The Adverbial Accusative of Measure

The word in the Accusative indicates how the action of the verb takes place. It answers the question “how?”.

The Adverbial Accusative of Reference

The word in the Accusative indicates what the action of the verb refers to by answering the question “with reference to what?” This use also includes the Accusative of General Reference, i.e. a word in the Accusative used much like a subject with an infinitive.

The Cognate Accusative

In this usage, the verb and its object are derived from the same root. It is used sometimes for emphasis. Basically, it repeats and explains more fully the idea expressed by the verb.

The Double Accusative

Some verbs require two objects to complete their meaning. This use is really an expansion of the Accusative of Direct Object from one object to two objects. Sometimes it may even use three Accusatives.

The Double Accusative with a Personal and Impersonal Object

This is sometimes referred to as the Accusative of the person or of the thing.

The Double Accusative and a Direct and Predicate Object

This use […]

Accusative Case2023-12-11T12:15:34-08:00

Instrumental Case

The Instrumental Case

The case of means or association.

The Instrumental of Means

Usually this use expresses impersonal means. It is closest to the root idea of the case. This use may be determined by the ability to use the words “by means of” or “by” in the translation. Sometimes “with” may be used in translation with the idea of association. (cf. The Instrumental of Agency below).

The Instrumental of Cause

This use expresses cause, motive, or occasion. It goes behind the intermediate means to the original cause or factor producing a result. It may refer to an external cause and thus a motive. This use is determined by the ability to use the word “because” in the translation.

The Instrumental of Manner

This use indicates the method by means of which the action is carried out. A circumstance accompanying the action of the verb is indicated. This use may answer the question “how?” or “in what manner?”.

The Instrumental of Measure

The Instrumental is used to express measure in comparative phrases. Two points of time or space are separated by means of an intervening distance. It is used chiefly with reference to time in the N.T. (The locative indicates a definite point in time. The Instrumental indicates two points separated by an interval of time.).

The Instrumental of Association

The word in the Instrumental indicates that person(s) or thing(s) which accompany or take part in the action of the verb. The key to this use is to find a second party who furnishes the means of association. It often occurs with compounds of σύν. This use, which is also refered to as the “Commutative,” occurs frequently in the N.T. It […]

Instrumental Case2023-12-11T12:15:45-08:00
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