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Class Notes

Present Indicative Passive Lesson 6

Presentation Slides

Present Indicative Passive

βάλλω (ballō) – I throw

διδάσκω (didaskō) – I teach

ἐγείρω (egeirō) – I raise up

ἀγγέλλω (angellō) – I announce

κηρύσσω (kēryssō) – I proclaim/announce

κρίνω (krinō) – I judge

πέμπω (pempō) – I send

ἀποστέλλω (apostellō) – I send (with a mission)

σώζω (sōzō) – I save

εἰς (eis) – into, because of

ὑπό (hypo) – Ablative, by; Accusative, under

The Present Indicative Passive in Greek is a verb form used to express that the subject is being acted upon in the present time. The Present aspect signifies that the action is ongoing or habitual, while the Indicative mood indicates a statement of fact. The Passive voice means the subject of the sentence is receiving the action rather than performing it. The Passive voice does not have a separate set of endings from the middle voice, except in the future and aorist.

Present Indicative Passive Endings:

Singular:

1. -ομαι (-omai) – First person singular (I am being loosed).
2. –ῃ (-ēi) or -ει (-ei) – Second person singular (You are being loosed).
3. -εται (-etai) – Third person singular (He/she/it is being loosed).

Plural:

1. -όμεθα (-ometha) – First person plural (We are being loosed).
2. -εσθε (-esthe) – Second person plural (You all are being loosed).
3. -ονται (-ontai) – Third person plural (They are being loosed).

Key Features of the Present Indicative Passive:

1. Voice: Passive voice means the subject is receiving the action. For example, “λύομαι” means “I am being loosed,” not “I loose.”
2. Aspect: The Present tense conveys continuous or ongoing action, implying the subject is currently or habitually being acted upon.
3. Mood: Indicative mood denotes a statement of fact. It indicates real actions or events happening in the present time.

The Present Indicative Passive forms:

Singular:

[…]

Class Notes

Present Indicative Middle

The Present Indicative Middle in Greek is a grammatical mood, voice, and tense used to describe action that the subject performs with the emphasis on the subject’s involvement, either on himself or for his own benefit.

The middle voice represents the subject as acting with reference to himself. I wash myself (λούομαι); I buy for myself (ἀγοράζομαι).

The Present Indicative Middle in Greek follows the typical present indicative conjugation patterns, but with specific middle voice endings. In the present tense, the middle has the following personal endings:

Present Indicative Middle of λούω (“I wash myself”)

λούεσθαι (loúesthai) – “to wash oneself”

Thematic Vowel in the Present Indicative Middle

The thematic vowel is inserted between the verb stem and the middle endings. The thematic vowels are ο and ε, depending on the form, and they follow this pattern:

1. ο before -μαι, -μεθα, -νται.
2. ε before –ται, -σαι (contracted to ῃ or ει), and -σθε.

Present Indicative Middle Personal Endings:

-σαι (contracted to ῃ or ει)

Present Indicative Middle thematic vowel:

Examples:

Matthew 15:2 “Why do Your disciples transgress the tradition of the elders? For they do not wash (νίπτονται) their hands when they eat bread.”

2 Corinthians 10:3 For though we walk in the flesh, we do not war (στρατευόμεθα) according to the flesh.

Galatians 1:9 As we have said before, so now I say again, if anyone preaches (εὐαγγελίζεται) any other gospel to you than what you have received, let […]

The Present Indicative Active

Vocabulary Training

Class Slides

Class Notes Download The Present Indicative Active

Present Indicative Active Endings:

Singular:

1st Person: -ω

2nd Person: -εις

3rd Person: -ει

Plural:

1st Person: -ομεν

2nd Person: -ετε

3rd Person: -ουσι(ν)

Infinitive λέγειν, to be saying, to say

The Present Indicative Active form in Greek is used to denote an action that is occurring in the present time from the writer’s perspective. It can indicate a continuous, habitual, or general truth.

The indicative is the only mode in which the tenses show absolute time. The main idea of tense is always the kind of action.; therefore, even in the indicative time is secondary. Duration or linear action in a continuous or progressive manner is the action expressed by the tense.

Present Tense: Indicates the time of the action as present.

It can denote a continuous action (e.g., “I am studying”).

It can represent a habitual action (e.g., “I study every day”).

It can also indicate a general truth (e.g., “The earth revolves around the sun”).

Indicative Mood: This mood is used for making factual statements or asking questions that are seen as actual.

Active Voice: In the active voice, the subject of the verb is the one performing the action (e.g., “He writes a letter” – the subject “he” is doing the action of writing).

Parsing a Present Indicative Active Verb

Parsing involves identifying five components of a verb: tense, mood, voice, person, and number.

1. Tense: Present.
2. Mood: Indicative.
3. Voice: Active.
4. Person: Indicates who is performing the action:
   1. 1st person: “I” or “we”
   2. 2nd person: “you” (singular or plural)
   3. 3rd person: “he/she/it” or “they”
5. Number: Singular or Plural.

Parsing Example: λέγω (I say)

λέγω (I say) – ω ending for 1st person singular.

λέγεις (You say) – εις ending for […]

Introduction to Verbs

Class Notes

Introduction to Verbs

A verb is a word that represents an action, occurrence, or state of being. Verbs are one of the fundamental building blocks of grammar in most languages. They are crucial for constructing sentences and conveying actions or states.

There are several types of verbs used to express action or a state of being:

1. Action Verbs: These describe specific actions performed by the subject. Examples: run, jump, write, speak.
2. Linking Verbs: These verbs connect the subject of a sentence to additional information about the subject. They do not describe an action. Common linking verbs include forms of “to be” (is, am, are, was, were), seem, become, appear.
3. Helping Verbs (Auxiliary Verbs): These verbs are used with main verbs to form different tenses, moods, or voices. Examples: have, do, will, shall, can, may, must.
4. Transitive Verbs: These verbs require a direct object to complete their meaning. Example: “She reads a book.”
5. Intransitive Verbs: These verbs do not require a direct object. Example: “He sleeps.”

The Greek verb system is complex and encompasses various components, including tense, voice, mood, person, and number.

Tense (Χρόνος)

In the majority of the tenses the kind of action is the primary focus. Only in the Indicated mode is time absolute.

• Present (Ενεστώτας): Indicates a continuous or repeated action in the present time (e.g., “I am loosing”). 1 John 3:9, Does not “habitually” sin.
• Imperfect (Παρατατικός): Indicates a continuous or repeated action in the past (e.g., “I was loosing”). John 1:1, the Word was before any beginning.
• Future (Μέλλοντας): Indicates an action that will occur in the future (e.g., “I will loose”). Matthew 16:18, I will build My Church.
• Aorist (Αόριστος): Indicates action […]