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Genitive Case

Genitive Case

The case of definition or description.

The Genitive of Description

This use is closest to the root idea of the case. The genitive limits a noun much like an adjective. It falls under this classification when it does not fit any other. This use is also referred to as “the Attributive Genitive” or “the Qualitative Genitive.” It emphasizes kind.

The Genitive of Possession

The Genitive frequently defines, describes, and limits by denoting ownership.

The Genitive of Relationship

The Genitive may describe a person having some genital or marital relationship with another person. This relationship may extend to a household. In this usage the noun is omitted because it is clear from the context or it is well known to the recipients. The definite article usually occurs in the proper gender along with the Genitive of the person related.

The Adverbial Genitive

The Adverbial Genitive is used to describe, define, and limit as to kind of – time, place, general reference, and measure. The emphasis is this kind and not that kind.

Genitive of Time

Kind of time is defined. It may answer the question “what kind of time?” it is this kind of time in which something takes place, it is this time and not that time.

Genitive of Place

The kind of place is defined. The idea of contact is prominent. It may answer the question “what kind of place?” The emphasis is on kind, i.e. the kind of place within which an event takes place. It is “here and not there.” It limits to a kind of place. This use does not occur frequently in the N.T., since place is usually described by the Locative.

Genitive of Reference

The […]

Genitive Case2023-12-11T12:16:23-08:00

Optative Mood

The Optative Mood

The mood of strong contingency or possibility. It expresses no definite anticipation of realization, rather, it only presents the action as conceivable.

The Volitive Optative (Wishes)

This use denotes a wish. It is the ordinary verbal form for expressing wishes and is the most common use of the optative.

The Potential Optative (Futuristic)

This use signifies what would happen on the fulfillment of some supposed condition. It is used in a clause which implies condition. The particle ἄν usually occurs with this use. It simply states that a thing could, or might be possible.

The Deliberative Optative

The Optative is used a few times in the New Testament to express indirect questions. This use involves ἔιν (third person singular of the Present of εἰμίv). Normally an indirect question is expressed by the Indicative; however, the Optative gives the question a more tentative and cautious tone.

The Conditional Optative

This use, using ἄν or εί, is related to the potential Optative. The condition of the Optative is part of the fourth-class conditional sentence. Either the είv in the protasis with the Optative or the ἄν in the apodosis with the Optative will be found, but not both at the same time.

The Optative in Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Speech

 

The Optative is used in clauses introduced by πρίν ἥ.

Optative Mood = Not Likely (Wishful)

Present

Future

1st Aorist

2nd Aorist

1st Perfect

2nd Perfect

Future Perfect

© 2017 Luther Walker | All Rights Reserved | This book or any potion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations […]

Optative Mood2023-12-11T12:17:26-08:00

Subjunctive Mood

The Subjunctive Mood

Denotes that which is objectively possible, contingent upon certain existing and known facts.

The Hortatory Subjunctive

The speaker or writer uses the first person plural to exhort others to join with him in an action. It is translated “let us.” Here the subjunctive may be used in a main clause to express exhortation, request, or proposal, thus supplying the lack of the first person in the imperative mood.

The Subjunctive of Prohibition

 

This use nearly always employs the second person aorist subjunctive to express a negative entreaty or command. It forbids the beginning of an act and may be translated “don’t even start…”. The third person may be used with dependent clauses of fear or warning in addition to prohibition.

The Deliberative Subjunctive

This use denotes perplexity on the part of the writer or speaker. He uses the subjunctive to express a question which is either a simple rhetorical device which expects no answer at all, or a real question which expects an answer in the imperative mood.

The Subjunctive of Emphatic Negation

The double negative οὐ μή is employed for special stress. It is the strongest way to negate a future activity.

The Final Subjunctive

In this use the subjunctive occurs in a subordinate clause to express purpose. This usual construction employs ἳνα, However occasionally ὃπως or ὣς is used.

When the present subjunctive is used the action of the verb is prolonged or repeated.

When the aorist is used a single action is described or there is no stress on the continuation of the activity.

When the perfect subjunctive is used the completed state of the probable action is emphasized.

The Probable Future Subjunctive

Subjunctive Mood2023-12-11T12:17:37-08:00

Indicative Mood

The Indicative  Mood

Indicates the verbal idea as actual.

The Declarative Indicative

This use of the indicative makes a simple statement of fact.

The Interrogative Indicative

The indicative mood is used to ask a simple question. Reality is implied in a fact asked about in the indicative mood.

The Cohortative Indicative

The indicative may be used to express a command or a strong suggestion. This is especially true of the future indicative.

The Potential Indicative

The indicative is sometimes accompanied by the idea of contingency. This idea is given by the use of ἄν, the meaning of the verb, or by context. ἄν may or may not be used.

The indicative may be used to express a necessity and from the necessity an obligation. Usually with ἔδει.

Wish (unfulfilled- ὀφείλον – would that) or impulse.

Used in Certain Forms of Conditions

Positive and Negative

οὐ – expects an affirmative reply

μή – expects a negative answer

Indicative Mood = Reality

Imperfect

Active

ἔλυ (ον)                      ἐλύ (ομεν)

ἔλυ (ες)                       ἐλύ (ετε)

ἔλυ (ς)                         ἔλυ (ον)

Middle / Passive

ἐλυ (ὀμην)                ἐλυ (ὀμεθα)

ἐλύ (ου)                      ἐλύ (εσθε)

ἐλύ (ετο)                    ἐλυ (όντο)

Present

Active

λύ(ω)                          λύ (ομεν)

λύ (εις                        λύ (ετε)

λύ (ει)                         λύ (ουσι)

Middle / Passive

λύ (ομαι)                   λυ (όμεθα)

λύ (ῃ)                          λύ (εσθε)

λύ (εται)                    λύ (ονται)

Future

Active

λύ (σω)                      λύ (σομεν)

λύ (σεις)                    λύ (σετε)

λύ (σει)                      λύ (σουσι)

Middle

λύ (σομαι)                λύ (σομεθα)

λύ (σῃ)                       λύ (σεθε)

λυ (σεται)                 λύ (σονται)

Passive

λυ (θήσομαι)           λυ (θησόμεθα)

λυ (θήσῃ)                  λυ (θήσεσθε)

λυ (θήεται)               λυ (θήσονται)

1st Aorist

Active

ἔλυ (σα)                      ἔλυ (σαμεν)

Indicative Mood2023-12-11T12:17:48-08:00

Future Tense

The Future Tense Verb

The Kind of Action of the Future Tense:

Primarily punctiliar, though linear in some contexts. Often used with the Indicative to indicate future time.

The Predicative  Future 

This use denotes an event that is expected to take place in the future. This is the most common use of the tense.

The Progressive Future 

This use conveys action as going on in the future. The emphasis is simply on the action in progress in the future. The writer thought of it as continuing, not that it was going to be continued.

The
Imperatival  Future

This use is practically an imperative in sense, for it involves the will, either of the speaker or of the subject. Since the imperative naturally relates to the future, it is not an unnatural usage.

The Deliberative Future 

This use denotes the future by expressing a rhetorical question, i.e. one which does not really expect an answer. These questions require deliberation concerning the possibility, or the desirability, or the necessity of a proposed course of activity. It occurs frequently in quotations from the Septuagint.

The Gnomic Future 

This use refers to a general or timeless truth, which is valid for all times. This action is to be expected under certain circumstances. It is used infrequently in the New Testament.

The Periphrastic Future 

This use emphasizes the continuance of an action. It is used to express an action which one intends to do, or of that which is certain or destined to take place. It is similar to the “Progressive Future,” with the thought of continuance or customariness emphasized. It is formed by the future tense of εἰμί with the […]

Future Tense2023-12-11T12:21:15-08:00
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