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Infinitive

The Use of the Infinitive

A verbal noun used in place of the verb to express more forcefully the action. The use of a definite article with the infinitive has no major effect upon its variations in use; rather, it restores the noun aspect of the word over its verbal characteristics. It also carries some grammatical significance in the natural use of the article with the cases and prepositions. As a result of its dual nature, the infinitive is one of the most widely used parts of speech in the Koine because it can perform a large number and variations of functions.

Verbal Use of the Infinitive

This aspect of the infinitive looks at its use within context by its verbal characteristics – its function in the sentence as a finite verb. Like a verb it uses voice and tense, takes an object, and is qualified by an adverb.

Purpose

The infinitive is used to express action that is denoted by a finite verb.

The purpose is expressed by:

The simple infinitive

The infinitive with τοῦ, εἰς, πρός, ὣστε, ὡς

Result

The infinitive is clearly used to signify results.

The result may be expressed by:

The simple infinitive

The infinitive with τοῦ, εἰς, ὣστε

Time

The infinitive is used as the equivalent of a temporal clause.

The infinitive with πρίν or πρίν ἥ is used to expresses antecedent time

The infinitive with ἐν τῶ is used to express contemporaneous time.

The infinitive with μετά τό is used to express subsequent time.

Cause

The accusative infinitive with διά is a very natural construction for the expression of cause.

Command

The imperatival use of the infinitive

Noun Use of the Infinitive

It has a relation to cases, can be accompanied by a preposition, used […]

Infinitive2023-12-11T12:17:07-08:00

Clauses

Clauses

Indicative Adjectival Clauses

A relative clause is used to directly limit or define a noun, performing a pure adjectival function.

Causal Clauses

The relative clause may denote grounds for the assertion in the main clause.

Concessive Clauses

A relative clause may imply the idea of concession.

Simple Condition

The relative clause may supply the protasis of a simple condition.

Purpose Clauses

The relative clause may express purpose.

Subjunctive

More Probable Condition
The protasis of a more probable future condition may be expressed by the use of the relative pronoun with ἄν.

Voluntative Result
A relative clause may express a result that the context shows was intended or contemplated.

Causal Clauses

Coordinate Causal Clause
The inferential particle γάρ is the regular connective for two coordinate clauses that bear to each other some relation of cause and effect, or reason and conclusion.

Subordinate Causal Clauses
By a Subordinating Conjunction
The Particles used: ὃτι, διότι, καθότι, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, ὃθεν
The Phrases used: ἐφ᾽ ὦ, έφ᾽ ὃσον, ἀνθ᾽ ὦν, οὖ χάριν
By διἀ with the Articular Infinitive
By the Participle
By the relative pronoun

Comparative Clauses

The Particles Used

Those used most are ὡς and καθώς
Compounds of κατά
Compounds of ὡς
The Correlative pronoun ὅσος
The Comparative Particle ἤ
The use of the phrase ὄν τρόπον

Local Clauses The Particles Used

By ὄπου
By ου
By ὂθεν

Temporal Clauses

With the Indicative

Introduced by ὂτε, ἐπειδή, ὁπότε, ὦς, meaning When.
Introduced by ὂταν, meaning Whenever.
Introduced by ἔως, ἔως οὖ, ἔως ὅτου, ἄχρι οὖ, ἐφ᾽ ὄσον, meaning While.
Introduced by ἔως, ἄχρι, ἄχρι οὖ, meaning Until.
Introduced by ἔως, ἀφ᾽ οὖ, […]

Clauses2023-12-11T12:14:40-08:00

Accusative Case

The Accusative Case

The case of limitation or extension.

The Accusative of Direct Object

The most common use of the Accusative is as the object of a transitive verb (a verb whose action passes over to the noun). This use is also described as the Accusative with Transitive Verbs.

The Adverbial Accusative

In this use, the Accusative limits in an indirect way. It functions as an adverbial modifier. It modifies a verb rather than serving as a direct object. It is sometimes referred to as “the Accusative of General Reference.” This is not very common in the N.T. except in the case of the pure adverb.

The Adverbial Accusative of Measure

The word in the Accusative indicates how the action of the verb takes place. It answers the question “how?”.

The Adverbial Accusative of Reference

The word in the Accusative indicates what the action of the verb refers to by answering the question “with reference to what?” This use also includes the Accusative of General Reference, i.e. a word in the Accusative used much like a subject with an infinitive.

The Cognate Accusative

In this usage, the verb and its object are derived from the same root. It is used sometimes for emphasis. Basically, it repeats and explains more fully the idea expressed by the verb.

The Double Accusative

Some verbs require two objects to complete their meaning. This use is really an expansion of the Accusative of Direct Object from one object to two objects. Sometimes it may even use three Accusatives.

The Double Accusative with a Personal and Impersonal Object

This is sometimes referred to as the Accusative of the person or of the thing.

The Double Accusative and a Direct and Predicate Object

This use […]

Accusative Case2023-12-11T12:15:34-08:00

Dative Case

The Dative Case

The case of personal interest. It expresses the indirect object.

The Dative of Indirect Object

This use is closest to the root idea of personal interest. The one from whom or in whose interest an act is done is indicated.

The Dative of Advantage or Disadvantage

This use is very similar to the Dative of Indirect Object. The personal interest expressed by the indirect object is intensified. The Dative of Advantage indicates the person for whose benefit something is done. The Dative of Disadvantage indicates the person who will be adversely affected as the result of the action. “Against” will often be used in this translation of the Dative of Disadvantage, “for” the Dative of Advantage and “to” the indirect object. This is sometimes referred to as the “Ethical Dative”.

Dative of Possession

Personal interest is particularized to the point of ownership. There is no exact equivalent in English.

The Dative of Reference

The idea of personal interest is reduced to mere reference. This use deals mostly with things, though occasionally it may deal with people. it may be rendered “in the interest of,” “with reference to,” “concerning.” or “about.”

The Dative with Nouns

The Dative is used with nouns only where personal interest is expressed.

The Dative of Adjectives

When used with adjective, the Dative has the personal flavor just like it does with nouns.

The Dative with Prepositions and Adverbs

The Dative with prepositions and adverbs is rare in the N.T.

The Dative with Verbs

The Dative is most frequently used with verbs. The idea of personal interest is clear with many verbs.

The Dative with Intransitive Verbs […]

Dative Case2023-12-11T12:16:03-08:00
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